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智商可预测,未来试管婴儿将可选择“最聪明的”胚胎_6R50i

2023-06-24 16:43点击: 216

如果有一天,你可以选择生育一个小“爱因斯坦”,也可以生育一个智商普通的孩子,你会做出什么样的选择?据科学家预计,未来10年内,人类将可以使用试管婴儿技术选择“最聪明”的胚胎。

Genetics research, conceptual artwork. CHINA DAILY

智商可预测,未来试管婴儿将可选择“最聪明的”胚胎_6R50i

Couples undergoing IVF treatment could be given the option to pick the “smartest” embryo within the next 10 years, a leading US scientist has predicted.

据美国一名权威科学家预计,未来10年之内,做试管婴儿的夫妇将能够选择“最聪明”的胚胎。

IVF:in vitro fertilization 体外受精联合胚胎移植技术,又称“试管婴儿”

Stephen Hsu, senior vice president for research at Michigan State University, said scientific advances mean it will soon be feasible to reliably rank embryos according to potential IQ, posing profound ethical questions for society about whether or not the technology should be adopted.

美国密歇根州立大学主管科研的副校长徐道辉(斯蒂芬·徐)说,科学进步意味着人类不久就能够对胚胎的潜在智商给出可靠的评分,这项技术是否应该使用将是一个深刻的社会伦理问题。

Hsu’s company, Genomic Prediction, already offers a test aimed at screening out embryos with abnormally low IQ to couples being treated at fertility clinics in the US.

徐道辉的基因组预测公司已经为在美国不孕不育诊所接受治疗的夫妇提供了一项检测服务,旨在筛查出智商异常低的胚胎。

“Accurate IQ predictors will be possible, if not the next five years, the next 10 years certainly,” Hsu told the Guardian. “I predict certain countries will adopt them.”

徐道辉对《卫报》记者说:“准确的智商预测是可能的,即使不是未来5年内,那么在未来10年内也肯定可以。我预计一些国家会采纳这项技术。”

The prospect of a new generation of genetically selected babies has prompted concerns about unintended medical consequences and the potential for deepening existing social inequalities. The science underpinning the claim that intelligence can be meaningfully predicted by genetic tests is also contentious.

新一代基因选择婴儿的前景引发了人们对于意外医疗后果和现有社会不平等可能加剧的担忧。基因检测能够有效预测智商的科学技术也引发了争议。

contentious [kn'tens]:adj.有异议的,引起争论的

Peter Donnelly, a professor of statistical science at the University of Oxford, said any such IQ predictions should be treated with “huge caution”, adding: “I have grave misgivings about it on ethical grounds. I think it’s a really bad idea.”

牛津大学统计学教授彼得·唐纳利说,应该“十分谨慎”地对待此类智商预测。他说:“出于伦理原因,我对此非常担忧。我认为这是一个非常糟糕的想法。”

Since the 1990s, couples undergoing IVF have been able to screen their embryos for mutations in single genes that cause serious diseases such as cystic fibrosis, as well as conditions like Down’s syndrome, caused by chromosome abnormalities.

自上世纪90年代以来,接受试管受精的夫妇已经能够对他们的胚胎进行筛选,以发现单个基因的突变,这些突变会导致严重的疾病,比如囊性纤维化,以及染色体异常导致的唐氏综合征等。

chromosome ['krmsm]:n.染色体

Many other traits, including height, physical appearance, intelligence and disease susceptibility, are known to be partly heritable. But because the genetic component is spread thinly over hundreds or even thousands of DNA regions, it has previously been impossible to screen for these traits.

许多其他特征,包括身高、外貌、智力和疾病易感性,都被认为是部分遗传的。但由于遗传组分稀疏地分散在数百甚至数千个DNA区域,以前不可能对这些特征进行筛选。

In the past decade, as vast genetic databases have been established, this picture has changed. Through analyzing many genes, each making a tiny contribution, it has been possible to calculate what are called polygenic risk scores, which give a person’s likelihood of getting a particular disease or having a certain trait.

在过去的十年里,随着大量基因数据库的建立,这种情况已经发生了改变。通过分析大量基因,每个基因都做出了微小的贡献,就有可能计算出所谓的多基因风险评分,即一个人患某种特定疾病或具有某种特征的可能性。

polygenic[,pli'denik]:adj.多基因的

Genomic Prediction is the first company to take embryo screening into this grey area of risk forecasting, offering to alert couples if an embryo has an “outlier” score for risk of cancers, diabetes, heart disease, dwarfism or low IQ.

基因组预测公司是第一家将胚胎筛查纳入风险预测这一灰色地带的公司。如果胚胎在癌症、糖尿病、心脏病、侏儒症或智商低下等风险方面的评分“异常”,它就会提醒做筛查的夫妇。

outlier ['atla]:n.(统计)异常值

Medical staff put clothes on the newborn test-tube baby at a hospital in Xi'an, Northwest China's Shaanxi province. [Photo/Xinhua]

Prediction for IQ is not good enough to give a reliable ranking, but Hsu said that knowing an embryo has a low score could still be desirable.

智商预测目前还不足以给出可靠的评分,但徐道辉表示,如果一个胚胎的智商评分较低,人们可能还是很想知道。

“Maybe the bottom 1% embryo will grow up to be a great person … even be a scientist, but the odds are against it,” he said. “I honestly feel if we can calculate that score and find a real negative outlier there’s an ethical responsibility for us to report that.”

徐道辉说:“也许评分最低的1%的胚胎长大后会成为一个优秀的人……甚至成为一名科学家,但这种可能性很小。我真的觉得,如果我们能计算出这个评分,发现它低得十分异常,那么我们就有道德责任予以告知。”

The company projects that once high-quality genetic and academic achievement data from a million individuals becomes available, expected to be within five to 10 years, it will be able to predict IQ to within about 10 points.

该公司预计,在5至10年内,一旦100万人的高质量基因和学术成就数据可用,它将能够预测智商,误差在10分以内。

Hsu is reticent about whether screening for high intelligence would be ethically justified, saying: “Let me just decline to answer that at the moment.”

徐道辉不愿评论高智商筛查是否符合伦理标准,说“目前我拒绝回答这个问题”。

reticent ['rets()nt]:adj.沉默的;有保留的

In some countries, such as Singapore, there is likely to be a high level of public acceptance and demand for such tests, he suggested. “I think the overwhelming majority would say yes, absolutely, parents should be allowed to do that,” he said. “Before you write your piece, you might just want to think that a billion people on the other side of the world might have a different view.”

徐道辉说,在一些国家,比如新加坡,公众对此类检测的接受度和需求可能会很高。他说:“我认为绝大多数人肯定会赞成允许父母这样做。在你写这篇报道之前,也许应该想想地球另外一端的10亿人可能有不同的看法。”

Whether such tests will become available in the UK would depend on approval from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

这种检测方法能否在英国实施将取决于英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局的批准。

“If the HFEA decides that it’s not right for the UK, I will respect that,” Hsu said, but predicted that “rich people from the UK will fly to Singapore” if they are unable to get the tests locally.

他说:“如果英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局认为这对英国不合适,我会尊重这个决定。”但他预测,如果英国富人无法在当地进行这项检测,“他们会飞到新加坡去做的。”

Some in the UK take the view that prospective parents have a right to access such tests. “I don’t think people should be deprived of that knowledge,” said Prof Simon Fishel, the founder of Care Fertility.

在英国,一些人认为未来的父母有权进行此类检测。生育关怀组织的创始人西蒙费舍尔教授说:“我认为不应该剥夺人们的这种知情权。”

Fishel questioned whether there is any ethical difference between picking an embryo ranked highest for IQ or sending a child to a private school. “What’s wrong with ranking an embryo if you can rank a child?” he said. “I think there are plenty of people who’d choose embryo Oxford [rather] than embryo A-level failure.”

费舍尔质疑挑选智商最高的胚胎和送孩子去私立学校之间是否存在伦理上的差异。“如果你能给孩子评分,那给胚胎评分又有什么错呢?”他说。“我认为有很多人会选择未来能考取牛津的胚胎而不是无法通过英国中学高级水平考试的胚胎。”

In practice, though, couples often have only a few embryos to choose from. And there are concerns about unintended consequences. For instance, there is some evidence linking higher polygenic scores for academic ability to higher likelihood of autism.

但实际上,夫妇们通常只有几个胚胎可供选择。此外,人们还担心会出现意想不到的后果。例如,有证据表明,学术能力的多基因得分越高,患自闭症的可能性就越大。

The technology is controversial, but that does not mean it will not gain acceptance in the future, Hsu said, drawing parallels with the reaction to IVF in its early days.

徐道辉说,这项技术存在争议,但这并不意味着它在未来不会被接受,这与早期人们对体外受精的反应类似。

“The IVF pioneers … were called monsters, Frankenstein doctors; it was predicted that these babies would have health problems,” he said. “I am actually reassured by that. IVF is completely normalized now. Everyone who is pointing their finger at [Genomic Prediction] now should go back and read those articles.”

他说:“试管婴儿的先驱被称为怪物,弗兰肯斯坦医生。当时人们预测这些婴儿会有健康问题。实际上,我对此很放心。试管受精现在已经完全正常化。现在,所有指责(基因组预测)的人都应该回去读读那些文章。”

那么,接下来小编告诉大家早早孕几天能测出来?使用早早孕试纸的注意事项?

早早孕几天能测出来

早早孕试纸用来检测是否怀孕的原理是,检测人体的hCG值,也就是人体绒毛膜促性腺激素的值。

而人体绒毛激素是由胎盘生产制造的,所以,在怀孕后的几天之后它就会出现在人的尿液中,由于量多少的原因,一开始并不容易测出来,一般在10天或者14天的时候才会明显。

对于刚刚怀孕的女性一般建议用早晨的第一次尿液检测,结果更准确。但对于已怀孕一段时间的妇女,一天中的任何时刻的尿液均可用于检测。

从同房到怀孕一般需要7天左右的时间,也就是说,怀孕当天(相当于同房后7天)即可检测是否怀孕,但准确度不高。一般在同房14天以后再测试结果会更准确。

使用早孕试纸注意事项

那么,使用早早孕试纸检测是否怀孕,应该要注意哪些事项呢?一般情况下,为了使得早早孕试纸检测的结果比较准确,减少失误,多数女性都会去了解怎么正确使用早早孕试纸,下面就跟着小编看看该注意哪些。

1、以采用晨尿做试验为最佳。因为晨尿浓缩,激素水平较高。

2、尿液标本应现采现试,别用放置久了的尿液。

3、购买的试纸不能贮藏太久。若超过1年,而又未保存在正常室温条件下,如冷藏或受潮,都可能失效而易出现错误的检测结果。

4、为提高试验的正确率,测试前夜还应尽量减少饮水量。

测试为阳性不等于怀孕

虽说早孕试纸在侦察早孕方面功不可没,但绝对不能在两者之间划上等号。因为在某些特殊情况下,试纸试验出现的结果可能与事实不相吻合,如本来没有怀孕而出现了阳性反应,或者怀孕了却呈现阴性反应。前者则叫做假阳性,后者谓之假阴性。

出现假阳性的情况有

1、一些肿瘤细胞如支气管癌、肾癌等也可分泌HCG。此时测得的结果也是阳性。

2、一些子宫内膜增生的患者尿液行HCG测试也会出现假阳性。

出现假阴性的情况有

1、检测的尿液静置时间太短。一般情况下静置时间只需l分钟,但在妊娠刚刚开始的几天,因体内的HCG水平偏低,则需静置3分钟以上才能观察结果,否则易出现假阴性。

2、孕期3个月后,体内HCG水平下降,尿液检测也可能出现阴性。

3、试纸放置1年以上或因受潮而失效。

大部分育龄女性在出现月经停止都会想到是怀孕,于是就会使用早早孕测纸检查,但是由于上述的多种因素,可能会影响检测结果,因此,女性出现停经之后,不能只依赖早早孕试纸的检查,为了保险起见,要去医院做进一步检查,并且确诊。

早早孕试纸准吗

据专家称,早孕试纸的正确测试率差异很大,从50%至98%不等。影响到试纸准确性的主要因素表现为以下方面:

1、早晨和晚间做试验可能对结果有一定影响。早晨的尿液中一般有最高的hCG值,所以许多说明书中都建议晨起的时候检测,但这也不是绝对的。

2、检测的时间:hCG一般在受精卵着床几天后才出现在尿液中,而且要达到一定量才能被检出。因此,对于平时月经正常的妇女需在月经推迟后才可能在尿中检测出hCG。而月经周期长或排卵异常的妇女需在停经40-44天的时候才可能检测出。

3、尿液稀释:如果喝水过多使尿液稀释可能会导致假阴性结果。

4、检测时注意尿液浸没试纸的长度。有时候尿液浸没检测试纸的长度过长可能使测试结果难以判断。

需要注意的是,在病理情况下,如宫外孕、葡萄胎或绒毛膜癌等,也会出现阳性反应。因此,早孕试纸测出阳性之后,还应该到医院进行确认。

总结:早早孕试纸检查,仅仅只是作为怀孕的一个依据,并不能完全相信,想要更加详细、准确的知道自己是否怀孕,一定要去医院进行检查,通过医生检查之后,就会等到准确结果。在此之前,出现例假停止的女性,并处于育龄期,可以自己简单测试。

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